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Professor Rachel North

Professor Rachel North

Professor of Optometry

Email
north@cardiff.ac.uk
Telephone
+44 (0)29 2087 5114
Fax:
+44 (0)29 2087 4859
Campuses
Optometry and Vision Sciences, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ

Overview

My research interests include:

  • Diabetes and its ocular complications
  • Glaucoma
  • Age related macular degeneration

My primary areas of research involve three of leading causes of blindness, diabetes mellitus, glaucoma and age related maculathy. The early detection of both conditions is important for their management and improved prognosis, and we have been investigating the structural and functional changes using digital imaging, electrophysiological and psychophysical techniques. More recently I have also been involved in the evaluation of eye care services provided for patients with wet age related maculopathy and glaucoma. 

Biography

1983 PhD Ophthalmic Optics, University of Wales, Cardiff
1977 Fellow of the College of Optometrists
1976 MSc Occupational Safety & Hygiene, University of Aston in Birmingham
1975 BSc Hons Ophthalmic Optics, First Class, University of Aston in Birmingham

Honours and awards

  • Honorary Life Member of Vision Aid Overseas
  • Life Fellow of College of Optometrists

Professional memberships

  • Fellow of College of Optometrists
  • Registered with the General Optical Council

Academic positions

2022- Emeritus Professor, School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University
2012-2022 Professor,School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University
2006 - 2012 Deputy Head, School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University
2005 - present Professor, School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University
2000 - 2005 Senior Lecturer, Dept of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University.
1983 - 2000 Lecturer, Dept of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University.

Speaking engagements

2018 National Ophthalmic Conference, Evaluation of new AMD service models. 
2018 PRIME Centre Wales 4th Annual MeetingEvaluation of Wet Age Related Macular Degeneration pathfinder services. 
2015 Oxford Ophthalmological Congress – Master’s Symposium, Population based screening of diabetic retinopathy. 
2015 20th Asian pacific Optometric Conference, Diabetic retinopathy  – the challenges facing us
2012 NISCHR/ WSPCR Annual Conference – Falls and Balance Conference, Role of vision impairment in falls, Cardiff
2012 City University, Monitoring and treatment of diabetes mellitus and its effect on retinopathy
2012 City University, Diabetes – Review of Ocular complications of diabetes mellitus
2012 CET/CPD Boots, Up to date with Diabetes, Bristol
2011 Austrian Optical Society, Diabetic Retinopathy, Vienna
2011 Role of Vision Aid Overseas in the correction of refractive error, World Congress of Refractive Errors, Durban
2010 South African Optometric Association. Diabetes and its ocular complications, Durban
2010 The Welsh Centre of Pharmacy Professional Education. Glaucoma – therapeutic update
2010 Cumbria Local Optical Committee – Diabetes – sweet n' sour , Cumbria
2010 College of Optometrists Annual meeting Research Key note. Diabetes Update - York April
2009 North Ireland Optometric Education, Diabetic eye disease. Belfast
2009 The Welsh Centre of Pharmacy Professional Education. Glaucoma – therapeutic update, Swansea
2009 The Welsh Centre of Pharmacy Professional Education. Age related maculopathy -update, Swansea
2009 Diabetes Update Conference, New developments in Diabetic Eye care, Cardiff

Committees and reviewing

External committees

2006 – 2013 British Universities Colleges of Optometry Committee member
2011- 2012 College of Optometrists Trustee
2009 – 2011 College of Optometrist, Member of Research Committee
2011 - 2012 College of Optometrists, Chair of Education Committee
2007 – present Optometry Wales Council member
2011- 2015 Diabetes Research Network Wales (DRNW) Research Development Group – Diabetic Retinopathy
2007- 2010 Wales Eye Health Week Strategy Committee member

Other

2011- PRIME – Community Optometry Lead
2007-2012 Trustee Vision Aid Overseas (VAO)

Publications

2024

2023

2022

2020

2019

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

1997

Teaching

Contributions to teaching include:

  • BSc Yr 3 Research in Optometry & Vision Sciences
  • MSc in Clinical Optometry -  research project supervision

My primary areas of research involve three major causes of blindness, diabetes mellitus, glaucoma and age related maculopathy. The early detection of both conditions is important for their management and improved prognosis, and we have been investigating the structural and functional changes using digital imaging, electrophysiological and psychophysical techniques. More recently I have also been involved in the evaluation of eye care services provided for patients with wet age related maculopathy and glaucoma. 

The diabetes studies have been investigating the risk factors for the development of diabetic retinopathy in children and adults with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. We have found that patients with diabetes have functional changes prior to visible diabetic retinopathy and have investigated whether this functional loss detected in the early stages of eye disease is reversible. We found that oxygen inhalation has partially reversed functional loss in patients without diabetic retinopathy.

The ability to detect structural changes to the retina have been evaluated using digital imaging techniques including scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, retinal thickness analyser, and stereoscopic fundus photography. We have also examined the choroidal structure using the 1050nm optical coherence tomography and found that the choroidal thickness is increased in diabetic patients. We found that  the central choroid is thinner in all type 2 diabetic eyes regardless of disease stage, ie with or without clinically significant diabetic macular oedema.

The early detection of glaucoma has been studied by electrophysiological assessment of ganglion cell function, ocular blood flow and digital imaging of the optic nerve head. We have shown that electrophysiological measures are not only depressed prior to visual field loss in patients with glaucoma, but also in patients with ocular hypertension. This indicates that there may be dysfunction despite a normal structural appearance to the optic nerve head.

In addition, we have used a 1050nm optical coherence tomography (OCT) to create 3D volumetric datasets of the normal and glaucomatous optic nerve head in vivo in order to characterise optic nerve head  parameters that have the potential to stage and/or predict glaucomatous optic neuropathy. In particular we have investigated the lamina cribrosa, in optic nerve heads at risk. 

I am a member of the Ophthalmic Public Health Group

Funding

Funding has been awarded from: British Council for Prevention of Blindness, College of Optometrists, Diabetes UK, Welsh office for Research & Development, NERC, The Wellcome Trust, Raynauds & Scleroderma Association and The BUPA Foundation, Pfizer,  Welsh Energy Research, Action Medical Research, Fight For Sight,  UK & Eire Glaucoma Society & American Health Assistance Foundation.   

  • Acton JH, Anderson P, Ryan B, North RV, Wallace C, Davies M, Jones M, Verity F. A preventative approach for Access to a Sustainable, whole System pathway for older people with vISion impairmenT (ASSIST), HCRW Social Care Grant, £288,548
  • Ryan B, Anderson P, North RV, Wallace C, Reynolds R, Davies S, Molik B. Hospital to Community: identifying the value of community optometrists monitoring and managing chronic eye disease in community practices. Health Care Research Wales,Research for Patient Benefit  2020-2022. £226,422
  •  Albon J,  Bartlett R, North RV, Morgan JE, Marshall D. A multidisciplinary approach to early detection and staging disease in glaucoma, 2020-2022, Wellcome Trust ISSF3 Award. 

  • Albon J, White N, North RV,  Morgan JE.  Optic nerve microstructure: a significant indicator of disease severity,Health Studentship Award, Health and Care Research Wales/ Welsh Government,  2017- 2020. £65408,

  • Albon J, North RV, White N, Morgan JE. Focal lamina cribrosa micro-regions: biomarkers for glaucomatous optic neuropathy? Fight For Sight, Jan-Dec 2015, £15,000.
  • North RV,  Kenkre J,  Cooper A,  Van Deursen R,  Survey of vision screening services provided for stroke patients in Wales, NISCHR/Wales School of Primary Care Research 2012, £8,375

  • Albon J, North RV, Morgan JE. The use of 1050nm OCT to identify changes of optic nerve head pathophysiology in glaucoma, College of Optometrists, 2011-2014. £52,688,

  • Albon J, North RV, Morgan JE,  Disks at Risk. American Health Assistance Foundation, 2011-13. $100,000

  • Albon J, North RV, Drexler W, Morgan JE. Optic nerve head changes in the progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy using 1050nm OCT, Hirsch and Fight for Sight Award, 2010-11. £15,000

  • North RV, Albon J, Drexler W, Three dimensional imaging of the ageing and glaucomatous optic nerve head: risk factors for the development of open-angle glaucoma. UK & Eire Glaucoma Society and International Glaucoma Association, 2008-09. £20,000.

Research collaborators

  • Dr Julie Albon, Cardiff University
  • Professor James Morgan, Cardiff University
  • Prof Barbara Ryan, Cardiff University
  • Dr Andrew Carson-Stevens, Cardiff University
  • Prof Carolyn Wallace University of South Wales
  • Dr Mark Davies, University of South Wales
  • Dr Pippa Anderson, Swansea Unversity
  • Professor David Owens, Swansea University
  • Dr Rebecca Thomas, Swansea University

Currently have collaborations with School of Computer Science, School of Medicine, Dept of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Healthcare Studies.

Current Postgraduate Students

2020-  PhD

Elinor McFarlane, "Evaluation of errors in the delivery of care to patients with eye-related problems"

Previous Postgraduate Students

Supervision

Past projects

Current Postgraduate Students

2020-  PhD

Elinor McFarlane, "Evaluation of errors in the delivery of care to patients with eye-related problems"( Co supervisor)

Previous Postgraduate Students

2021 PhD Ryan Bartlett, "An in vivo investigation of optic nerve head microstructure in primary open angle glaucoma"
2017 PhD Louise Terry "An in vivo investigation of choroidal vasculature in age-related macular degeneration"
2016 PhD Beth Flynn "The use of 1050nm OCT to identify changes of optic nerve head pathophysiology in glaucoma"
2015 PhD Areej Okashah, "Portable Electronic Low Vision Aids for people with visual impairment."
2014 PhD Rachel Hiscox, "The retina in Cystic Fibrosis".
2014 PhD   Alison Ng, "The effects of cosmetics on the ocular surface and tear film".
2014 PhD   Rebecca Thomas, "Optimal time to next screen for diabetic retinopathy in screen negative persons with diabetes."
2013 MPhil Stephen John, "Comparison of two different methods of stereoscopic viewing and the effect of teaching on the assessment of the cup to disc ratio for glaucoma detection"
2012 PhD Walter Gutstein, "Measurement of Vision under conditions of contrast and luminance simulating those of real environments"
2012 PhD Samuel Heinz Dremmel, "Diagnostic aspects of structure and function in primary open angle glaucoma"
2012 PhD Mizhanim Mohamad Shahimin, "Development and validation of a digital quantitative orthoptics workstation".
2010 PhD Saud Alanazi, "Investigation of the clinical factors affecting heterophoria & fixation disparity measurements".
2010 PhD Mana Alanazi, "Studies of visual function and the effect of visual fatigue in adults with dyslexia"
2009 PhD Katherine Evans, "Cystic Fibrosis and the eye".
2007 PhD Jennifer Cumiskey, "Electrophysiological studies of retinal function at low light levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus
2004 MPhil Sarvenaz Malihi , "Investigation of retinal function in diabetes mellitus"
2004 PhD Dominique Arlotte, "Investigation of Oscillatory Potentials in patients with diabetes mellitus".
2004 PhD Adrian Jones, "Investigation of primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension by electrophysiological and digital imaging techniques".
2003 PhD Nik Sheen, " Evaluation of digital retinal imaging in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma".
2002 PhD Rhianon Perrott , "The significance of pulsatile ocular blood flow in the management of diabetic retinopathy".
2001 PhD Zohreh Chiti,  "Electrophysiological investigation into the effect of oxygen inhalation on retinal function in Type II Diabetes Mellitus".
2001 PhD Katie Mortlock (Jenkins), "Neurophysiological examination of retinal function in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus".
1999  PhD Zeki Ali, "The influence of the management of diabetes mellitus and its management upon visual functions"
1997 MPhil Una Whitcombe, "Clinical evaluation of ocular and visual functions of young patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus"
1995 MPhil Denise Banford, "Longitudinal study of visual functions in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
1988 MPhil Beth Kelly   "Atropine occlusion in the treatment of strabismic amblyopia"