Professor Len Nokes

BEng MSc PhD DSc MBBCh MD Dip SEM GB&I FFSEM(UK)FIMechE CEng

Professor

School of Engineering

: nokes@cardiff.ac.uk
: +44 (0)29 2087 5907

Currently I am the theme leader of Health, Technology and Digital World based in the Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University. In 1991 I established a Medical Engineering Unit in order to promote research and teaching in engineering applied to the medical field. In recognition of its research activities, it was given the status of Research Centre by Cardiff University. My dual qualifications in engineering and medicine have enabled close collaboration with the University of Wales College of Medicine (UWCM), now the School of Medicine in the new merged university. In collaboration with colleagues in the College of Medicine I have established part-time MSc courses in Orthopaedic Engineering and Clinical Engineering and have been awarded a number of research contracts including an award of £90K from HEFCW to develop a Gait Laboratory with the Orthopaedic Department.

At present the Institute of Medical Engineering and Medical Physics comprises teaching and research staff from the Cardiff School of Engineering and the Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering Heath hospital.

My main scholarly activity has been in the area of bioengineering. Recently however, using my sports medicine background, I have been developing my research interest in sports biomechanics. I also have an interest in orthopaedic and forensic engineering which is reflected in my higher degrees by research. I have co-authored 7 books. The book on the determination of the early post-mortem period has been cited in many illustrious trials, including the O.J. Simpson trial and is recognised as the definitive text in its subject area.

In 1991, in conjunction with Professor D R Towill, I received a grant of £215.4K to develop the role of electronics and computing in orthopaedics. This contributed towards the development of undergraduate and postgraduate courses in medical electronics and resulted in a textbook being published.

I have been successful in obtaining industrial funding from a number of orthopaedic companies to carry out original research, including the design and development of a new spinal implant. I have also obtained funding from industry for a fixed-term lecturer in orthopaedic and forensic engineering.

Successfully completed the Practical Leadership for University Management course at Cardiff University (2012). I was also voted by the students a Teaching of the Year award 2012-2013 and 2013-2014.

Orthopaedic Engineering

I have co-authored a number of papers with orthopaedic surgeons to analyse the clinical parameters associated with bone fracture healing. In addition to clinical studies to obtain data, a number of models were developed to predict how bone would heal with time. Work in this area led to me being commissioned to write reviews in the area of vibrations in orthopaedics. During my time in orthopaedic engineering I became increasingly aware of the need to provide orthopaedic surgeons with basic engineering theory. This resulted in the publication of two textbooks. The latter concerns the use of shape memory alloys in medicine which brings together the research carried out on the particular application of this novel material to the clinical field. In conjunction with the Orthopaedic Department UWCM I have developed an MSc in Orthopaedic Engineering which runs on a part-time basis for Orthopaedic surgeons which currently has seventy students.

A major problem of vibration techniques to measure in-vivo bone properties is the use of accelerometers placed on the skin to pick up the vibrating bone. To overcome this problem a novel Doppler probe was developed that eliminated the skin affects on vibration. No other paper has reported this approach to successfully overcome this problem. Further applications of this Doppler based technique were explored in a recently awarded PhD supervised by myself, ( E.Maylia 2003).

Research in the application of alternative medicine to the musculo-skeletal system is a relatively new field. In 1994 I was principal investigator in a clinical trial to establish the viability of reflexology in treating patients post-operatively after knee surgery. The trial was the first of its type to quantify outcomes from using alternative medicine techniques. To further investigate the potential benefits of alternative medicine, I gained a certificate in the practice of acupuncture (2002).

Forensic Engineering

My other major scholarly activities involve forensic engineering. To determine the time since death a method involving the use of temperature measurement is often used. Factors such as the amount of clothing on the corpse, the size and position of the corpse all affect the cooling curve, and hence the calculated time of death. In order to eliminate the effect of these variables, a number of new algorithms were developed.

Other methods developed to determine the post-mortem period have included measuring the rate of decay of the compound action potentials of nerves and the decay of C-fibre nerve conduction. A major area of interest is the use of measurement of the post-mortem electrical excitability of skeletal muscle to determine the post-mortem period. A phenomenon often seen in cooling curves of human corpses is the temperature plateau. Generally this plateau has to be taken into account when using temperature based algorithms to determine the post-mortem period. The cause of this plateau was the main focus of my investigations.

I was awarded a ROPA Grant of £45.8K in 1995 from the EPSRC to design and build the first ever dedicated microprocessor to determine the time of death using temperature and muscle contraction. Other areas of interest include the dating of human remains, the correlation of head injuries with the height of fall, and the biomechanics of judicial hanging. A new field in forensic engineering is the application of human motion analysis to investigate mechanisms of injury. This has led to a number of publications in this area. I currently sit on the editorial board of the Journal of Forensic Biomechanics.

Sports Biomechanics

I am currently the club doctor at Cardiff City FC Duties include management of sports injuries and everyday ailments eg asthma, bronchitis, hayfever, abdominal complaints, general infections etc. This involves prescribing of medication within the IOC Anti-doping Guidelines. I am in daily contact with other sports medicine specialists including orthopaedic surgeons, physiotherapists, dieticians, and radiologists. In addition to my Cardiff City Football Club duties, I am also consulted by other professional sports personnel, ranging from Rugby players to Olympic athletes.

In my capacity firstly as doctor to the Under 21 Welsh Football team, and then as medical officer for the senior Welsh team, I was required to attend to players on a 24 hour basis for days at a time. I was recognised for my experience in sports medicine by being elected onto the UEFA medical committee (2002-2004). I am now the medical representative on the UEFA Expert Panel on Artificial Turf.

In 2008 I was appointed a consultant to FIFA on biomechanics relating to injuries of footballers playing on artificial and natural turf. It is FIFA’s intention to develop a set of standards for football pitches in order to reduce the likely hood of injury. My role has been to develop the research programmes at various institutes across Europe to develop a player based testing procedure.

Due to the increasing professional nature of sports medicine I felt that I should obtain a formal qualification in this field hence my successful completion of the Diploma in Sports and Exercise Medicine, which is becoming a prerequisite for any doctor involved in professional sports medicine. In 2007 I was elected a Fellow of FSEM and in 2008 invited to be an examiner on their Diploma in Sports and Exercise Medicine.

On field emergencies can occur and I felt that it was appropriate to have the necessary skills to deal with these situations. I therefore completed the Certificate in Advanced Trauma and Life Support and Sports Trauma Management (Advanced Level) and recently the Advanced Resuscitation & Emergency Aid (AREA) course. In order to maintain update my trauma skills, I regularly attend clinical sessions at a local casualty department. I also attend related teaching sessions covering all aspects of trauma management which is also run by the local casualty /trauma department.

With a colleague Professor Colin Dent I established the part time MSc course in Orthopaedic Engineering. This scheme was exclusively aimed at Orthopaedic surgeons to teach them engineering principles applied to Orthopaedic practice. This included understanding the biomechanics of causation of injury and their prevention. A number of the students successfully completed dissertations in this field which has resulted in publications in peer reviewed journals and conferences.
I am actively involved in research in sports injuries with a particular interest in treatment modalities. This includes the use of cryotherapy to treat acute injuries and the catergorizing of haematomas using ultrasound. I have also been interested in the role of the fat pad (Kager’s) in the human heel and its significance in achilles tendon rupture. More recent areas of interest have involved motion analysis to compare the human interaction between different types of football pitches and also the use of actovegin and its role in treating soft tissue injuries. The latter involves a randomized clinical trial using professional footballers. I have published my actovegin work in a number of international sports medicine journals. All of these examples involve an understanding of functional anatomy and the potential mechanisms of injury which are inherent in sports medicine and rehabilitation.

CEDAR

Since 2010 I have been working closely with CEDAR who are an NHS-academic evaluation centre which supports decision making healthcare by providing information and recommendations on a number of areas including emerging health technologies, medical devices and diagnostic tests. The majority of CEDAR’s work is funded by the National Institute for Health Care Excellence (NICE). I have been successful in obtaining approximately £1M in research funding from NICE to help CEDAR in it’s evaluation programme

Professional memberships

UEFA Medical Committee, Biomechanics Expert (2001 – 2004).
UEFA Artificial Turf Panel, Biomechanics Consultant (2003 – 2008).
Consultant to FIFA on biomechanics.
Expert witness: numerous court cases involving engineering applied to medicine. Examples include implant failure, sports biomechanics, time of death of human corpses and biomechanics of judicial hanging (Rupe v Washington state, 1998).
Foundation Fellow of Faculty of Sports and Exercise Medicine (FSEM)(UK).
Member of the editorial board of the Journal of Forensic Biomechanics.
Referee for a number of national and international journals; reviewer of grant applications for EPSRC and the Royal College of Surgeons (England).

2022

Alqazzaz, S. et al. 2022. Combined features in region of interest for brain tumor segmentation. Journal of Digital Imaging 35, pp. 938-946. (10.1007/s10278-022-00602-1)
Strutzenberger, G., Edmunds, R., Nokes, L. D. M., Mitchell, I. D., Mellalieu, S. D. and Irwin, G. 2022. Player-surface interactions: perception in elite soccer and rugby players on artificial and natural turf. Sports Biomechanics 21(9), pp. 1021-1031. (10.1080/14763141.2020.1720279)

2021

Al-qazzaz, S., Sun, X., Yang, H., Yang, Y., Xu, R., Nokes, L. and Yang, X. 2021. Image classification-based brain tumour tissue segmentation. Multimedia Tools and Applications 80, pp. 993-1008. (10.1007/s11042-020-09661-4)

2019

Alqazzaz, S., Sun, X., Yang, X. and Nokes, L. 2019. Automated brain tumor segmentation on multi-modal MR image using SegNet. Computational Visual Media 5(2), pp. 209-219. (10.1007/s41095-019-0139-y)
Hickey, B., Cleves, A., Alikhan, R., Nokes, L. and Perera, A. 2019. Can we use biomarkers of coagulation to predict which patients with foot and ankle injury will develop vein thrombosis?. Foot and Ankle Surgery 25(1), pp. 59-62. (10.1016/j.fas.2017.08.002)
Brock, J., Golding, D., Smith, P., Nokes, L., Kwan, A. and Lee, P. 2019. An update on the role of Actovegin in musculoskeletal medicine: a review of the last 10 years. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 30(1), pp. 83-90. (10.1097/JSM.0000000000000566)

2018

Mahmutyazicioglu, J., Nash, J., Cleves, A. and Nokes, L. 2018. Is it necessary to adjust current creatine kinase reference ranges to reflect levels found in professional footballers?. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 4(1), article number: e000282. (10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000282)
Manoharan, G., Singh, R., Kuiper, J. H. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2018. Distal fibula oblique fracture fixation using one-third tubular plate with and without lag screw ? A biomechanical study of stability. Journal of Orthopaedics 15(2), pp. 549-552. (10.1016/j.jor.2018.05.011)
Hickey, B., Watson, U., Cleves, A., Alikhan, R., Pugh, N., Nokes, L. and Perera, A. 2018. Does thromboprophylaxis reduce symptomatic venous thromboembolism in patients with below knee cast treatment for foot and ankle trauma? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Foot and Ankle Surgery 24(1), pp. 19-27. (10.1016/j.fas.2016.06.005)

2017

Armstrong, H. S. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2017. Sensor node acceleration signatures and electromyography in synchronisation and sequencing analysis in sports: a rowing perspective. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 231(4), pp. 253-261. (10.1177/1754337116667204)
Strutzenberger, G., Nokes, L. and Irwin, G. 2017. Artificial turf in football: an injury perspective. In: Nunome, H., Henning, E. and Smith, N. eds. Football Biomechanics. UK: Routledge, pp. 204-221.
Hickey, B. A., Cleves, A., Alikhan, R., Pugh, N. D., Nokes, L. D. M. and Perera, A. 2017. The effect of active toe movement (AToM) on calf pump function and deep vein thrombosis in patients with acute foot and ankle trauma treated with cast - a prospective randomized study. Foot and Ankle Surgery 23(3), pp. 183-188. (10.1016/j.fas.2016.04.007)

2016

Lee, P. Y. F., Kwan, A. P., Smith, P. and Nokes, L. 2016. Should we treat soft tissue injuries with Actovegin. EC Orthopaedics 4(4), pp. 600-604.
Lee, P. Y. F., Kwan, A. P. L., Smith, P. M., Brock, J. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2016. Actovegin equals performance enhancing drug doping: fact or fiction. Journal of Tissue Science and Engineering 7(3), article number: 179. (10.4172/2157-7552.1000179)
Yeung, J., Cleves, A., Griffiths, H. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2016. Mobility, proprioception, strength and FMS as predictors of injury in professional footballers. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 2(1), article number: e000134. (10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000134)

2015

Aldahlawi, R., Pugh, N. and Nokes, L. 2015. The use of texture analysis in diagnosing ovarian masses (preliminary results). BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 122, pp. 3.

2013

Hughes, M. G., Meyers, R., Nokes, L. D. M., Oliver, J., Stembridge, M. and Stone, K. 2013. The effect of high ambient temperature on the responses to a controlled football simulation. Presented at: 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Barcelona, Spain, 26-29 June 2013.
Malhas, A., Wigdewrowitz, C. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2013. The effect of rotator cuff pathology on the pressure distribution of the glenohumeral joint in a biomechanical model. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 94-B(s. XXI), pp. 53.
Ghazzawi, A. A., Nokes, L. D. M. and Byrne, C. B. B. 2013. Kagers fat pad's load bearing function: Initial study. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 94-B(XVIII), pp. 58.
Wdowski, M. M., Gittoes, M. J. R., Irwin, G. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2013. Short-term kinematic adaptation to unanticipated sprint running conditions in field sport. Presented at: 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Barcelona, Spain, 26-29 June 2013.

2012

Yang, X., Coleman, D. P., Pugh, N. D. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2012. The volume of the neovascularity and its clinical implications in Achilles tendinopathy. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 38(11), pp. 1887-1895. (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.07.002)
Wdowski, M. M., Gittoes, M. J., Irwin, G., Nokes, L. D. M. and Kerwin, D. K. 2012. Performance outcome adaptation in field sport sprinting. Presented at: ICSEMIS 2012, Glasgow, UK, 21 July 2012.
Lee, P., Nokes, L. D. M. and Smith, P. 2012. No Effect of Intravenous Actovegin® on Peak Aerobic Capacity. International Journal of Sports Medicine 33(4), pp. 305-309. (10.1055/s-0031-1291322)
Wdowski, M. M., Gittoes, M. J. R., Irwin, G., Nokes, L. D. M. and Kerwin, D. K. 2012. Short-term biomechanical adaptation in a maximum velocity field sport sprinting protocol: pilot investigation. Presented at: ISBS 2012: 30th Conference of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sport, Melbourne, Australia, 2-6 July 2012.
Wdowski, M. M., Gittoes, M. J. R., Irwin, G., Nokes, L. D. M. and Kerwin, D. K. 2012. Short-term biomechanical adaptation in a maximum velocity field sport sprinting protocol. Presented at: BASES Biomechanics Interest Group 27th Easter Meeting, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, 4 April 2012.
Wdowski, M. M., Gittoes, M. J. R., Irwin, G., Nokes, L. D. M. and Kerwin, D. K. 2012. Short-term technique adaptation in a maximum velocity field sport sprinting protocol. Presented at: Speaking of Science 2012, Cardiff, UK, 3 May 2012.
Wdowski, M. M., Gittoes, M. J. R., Irwin, G., Nokes, L. D. M. and Kerwin, D. K. 2012. Short-term technique adaptation in a maximum velocity field sport sprinting protocol. Presented at: UWIC Annual Academic Associate Symposium, Cardiff, UK, 22 March 2012.
Yang, X., Hu, W., Zhang, Y., Nokes, L. D. M., Wang, Y. F. and Liu, X. Q. 2012. A simple guide to analog electronic circuits, devices, and applications. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronic Industry.

2011

Yang, X., Coleman, D. P., Pugh, N. D. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2011. A novel 3-D power Doppler ultrasound approach to the quantification of Achilles tendon neovascularity. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 37(7), pp. 1046-1055. (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.04.008)
Yang, X., Coleman, D. P., Pugh, N. D., Liu, W. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2011. Quantitative assessment of intra-vascular volume in human Achilles tendinopathy. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 35(3-4), pp. 172-178. (10.3109/03091902.2011.558170)
Lee, P., Rattenberry, A., Connelly, S. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2011. Our experience on Actovegin, is it cutting edge?. International Journal of Sports Medicine 32(4), pp. 237-241. (10.1055/s-0030-1269862)
Lee, P., Kwan, A. S. K. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2011. Actovegin® cutting-edge sports medicine or 'Voodoo' remedy?. Current Sports Medicine Reports 10(4), pp. 186-190. (10.1249/JSR.0b013e318223cd8a)
Yang, X., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhang, K. L., Nokes, L. D. M., Wang, Y. F. and Liu, X. Q. 2011. All you need to know about the 8051 microcontroller. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronic Industry.
Jones, P., Kerwin, D., Irwin, G. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2011. Stance leg frontal plane stability during lateral bounds. British Journal of Sports Medicine 45(4), pp. 354-355. (10.1136/bjsm.2011.084038.126)
Yang, X., Coleman, D. P., Pugh, N. D. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2011. Quantifying neovascularization in Achilles tendinopathy using 3D power Doppler ultrasound: the correlation between the clinical severity and the volume of neovascularization. Presented at: IPEM Conferences: The Physics & Technology of Medical Ultrasound, York, UK, 16 - 17 March 2011.

2010

Stokes, O. D., Theobald, P., Pugh, N. D. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2010. Panoramic ultrasound to measure in vivo teno Achilles strain. Foot and Ankle International 31(10), pp. 905-909. (10.3113/FAI.2010.0905)
Theobald, P., Whitelegg, L., Nokes, L. D. M. and Jones, M. D. 2010. Using head injury criterion (HIC) to assess the risk of concussion following head impact. Presented at: 17th Congress of the European Society of Biomechanics (ESB2010), Edinburgh, UK, 5-8 July 2010.
Yang, X., Coleman, D. P., Pugh, N. D. and Nokes, L. D. m. 2010. Quantifying neovascularization in Achilles tendinopathy. Presented at: All-Wales IPEM Scientific Conference, Cardiff, UK, 10 June 2010.
Yang, X., Pugh, N. D., Coleman, D. P. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2010. Are Doppler studies a useful method of assessing neovascularization in human Achilles tendinopathy? A systematic review and suggestions for optimizing machine settings. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 35(7-8), pp. 365-372. (10.3109/03091902.2010.497892)
Landham, P. R., Nokes, L. D. M., Byrne, C. B. B., Dowson, D., Dent, C. and Theobald, P. 2010. Friction as a potential cause of paratenonitis [Abstract]. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 92-B(I 59)
Yang, X., Nokes, L. D. M., Wang, Y. and Liu, X. 2010. Circuit design from the ground up (2nd edition). Beijing: Publishing House of Electronic Industry.
Theobald, P., Whitelegg, L., Nokes, L. D. M. and Jones, M. D. 2010. The predicted risk of head injury from fall related impacts on to third-generation artificial turf and grass soccer surfaces: A comparative biomechanical analysis. Sports Biomechanics 9(1), pp. 29-37. (10.1080/14763141003690245)

2009

Ghazzawi, A. A., Theobald, P., Pugh, N. D., Byrne, C. B. B. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2009. Quantifying the motion of Kager's fat pad. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 27(11), pp. 1457-1460. (10.1002/jor.20900)
Jones, P. L., Kerwin, D. G., Irwin, G. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2009. Biomechanical adaptations when landing on football turf. Presented at: 1st International Conference on Mathematical and Computational Biomedical Engineering, Swansea, UK. pp. 427-430.
Jones, P. L., Kerwin, D. G., Irwin, G. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2009. Three dimensional analysis of knee biomechanics when landing on natural turf and football turf. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering 29(4), pp. 184-188.
Jones, P., Kerin, D., Irwin, G., Nokes, L. D. M. and Kaila, R. 2009. Lower limb landing biomechanics on natural and football turf. Presented at: 27th International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports, Limerick, Ireland. pp. 664-667.

2008

Landham, P. R., Nokes, L. D. M., Byrne, C. B. B., Dowson, D., Dent, C. M. and Theobald, P. 2008. A bio-tribological analysis of paratenonitis. Presented at: STLE/ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference (IJTC2008), Miami, FL, USA, 20-22 October 2008Proceedings of the STLE/ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference (IJTC2008), October 20–22, 2008 , Miami, Florida, USA. ASME Conference Proceedings New York, NY: ASME pp. 131-133., (10.1115/IJTC2008-71158)
Khan, W. S., Jones, R. K., Nokes, L. D. M. and Johnson, D. S. 2008. Biomechanical assessment of forces acting across the patella to determine the optimal treatment of patella fractures [Abstract]. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British) 90-B(S2), pp. 323.

2007

Theobald, P. et al. 2007. Lubrication regime of the contact between fat and bone in bovine tissue. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of engineering in medicine 221(4), pp. 351-356. (10.1243/09544119JEIM176)
Theobald, P. et al. 2007. The Potential Frictional Significance of Kagers Fat Pad. Presented at: 53rd Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, San Diego, USA.
Wheeler, H. J., Nokes, L. D. M. and Powell, T. 2007. A review of high frequency oscillation ventilation in the neonate. Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 31(5), pp. 367-374.
Tasker, L. H., Sparey-Taylor, G. J. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2007. Applications of nanotechnology in orthopaedics. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 456, pp. 243-249. (10.1097/BLO.0b013e31803125f4)
Khan, W. S., Nokes, L. D. M., Jones, R. and Johnson, D. S. 2007. The Relationship of the Angle of Immobilisation of the Knee to the Force Applied to the Extensor Mechanism When Partially Weight Bearing. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 89-B(7), pp. 911-914. (10.1302/0301-620X.89B7.18452)
Higham, T. F. G., Bronk Ramsey, C. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2007. AMS radiocarbon dating of bones from St David's Cathedral. In: Evans, J. W. and Wooding, J. M. eds. St David of Wales: Cult, Church and Nation. Studies in Celtic History Vol. 24. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, pp. 282-285.
Khan, W. S., Jones, R. K., Nokes, L. D. M. and Johnson, D. S. 2007. How to best immobilise extensor mechanism injuries of the knee: A gait analysis study. Presented at: 53rd Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, San Diego, USA. Vol. 139.

2006

Theobald, P., Bydder, G., Dent, C. M., Nokes, L. D. M., Pugh, N. D. and Benjamin, M. 2006. The functional anatomy of Kager's fat pad in relation to retrocalcaneal problems and other hindfoot disorders. Journal of anatomy 208(1), pp. 91-97. (10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00510.x)
Khan, W. S., Jones, R. K., Nokes, L. D. M. and Johnson, D. S. 2006. Biomechanical assessment of the knee joint to identify the optimum form of immobilisation in partially bearing patella fracture and extensor mechanism injuries. Presented at: BRS/BORS 1st Joint Meeting, Southampton, UK, 5-6 July 2006.
Whatling, G. M. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2006. Literature review of current techniques for the insertion of distal screws into intramedullary locking nails. Injury 37(2), pp. 109-119. (10.1016/j.injury.2005.09.009)

2005

Hossain, M. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2005. A model of dynamic sacro-iliac joint instability from malrecruitment of gluteus maximus and biceps femoris muscles resulting in low back pain. Medical Hypotheses 65(2), pp. 278-281. (10.1016/j.mehy.2005.02.035)
Hussain, M. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2005. A biomechanical model of sacro iliac joint dysfunction as a cause of low back pain. Presented at: International Society of Biomechanics World Congress (ISB), Cleveland, USA.
Theobald, P., Benjamin, M., Nokes, L. D. M. and Pugh, N. 2005. Review of the vascularisation of the human Achilles tendon. Injury 36(11), pp. 1267-1272. (10.1016/j.injury.2005.02.012)

2004

Zenios, M., Nokes, L. D. M. and Galasko, C. S. B. 2004. The effect of biophosphonates on bone cement strength. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 71, pp. 322-326.

2003

Jones, M. D., James, D. S., Cory, C. Z., Leadbeatter, S. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2003. Subdural haemorrhage sustained in a baby-rocker? A biomechanical approach to causation. Forensic science international 131(1), pp. 14-21. (10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00382-1)
Avirimidis, K., Swain, I. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2003. Electrical stimulation of the vastus medialis muscle. Presented at: 8th Annual Conference of the Functional Stimulation Society (IFESS), Brisbane, Australia.
Nokes, L. D. M. 2003. Biomedical engineering at your service. Presented at: Proceedings of Extending the Scientific Foundations of Clinical Practice, London, UK.
Monk, J. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2003. Biomechanics of interference screws in post traumatic knee ligament re-construction. Presented at: 6th Congress of the European Federation of National Associations of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Helsinki, Finland.

2002

Nokes, L. D. M., Henssge, C., Knight, B. H., Madea, B. and Krompecher, T. 2002. The estimation of the time since death in the early postmortem period (2nd Edition). London: Hodder Arnold.
Zerios, M. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2002. The effect of mixing biophesphonates on bone cement strength. Presented at: British Orthopaedic Research Society, Cardiff, UK.
Hopgood, P., Monk, J. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2002. Tensile testing of mensical repair techniques. Presented at: British Orthopaedic Research Society, Cardiff, UK.
Monk, J. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2002. Drilling the right tunnel: A biomechanical investigation of the optimum orientation for interference screws in post traumati knee ligament reconstruction. Presented at: Vienna Future Symposium, Vienna, Austria.
Nathwani, D. K., Nokes, L. D. M. and Frostick, S. P. 2002. Tensile properties of untwisted and twisted patellas tendum ACL ligaments. Presented at: British Orthopaedic Research Society, Cardiff, UK.
Nokes, L. D. M. 2002. The relics of Saint David. Presented at: St David - Cult, Church and Nation., Lampeter, UK.

2001

Cory, C. Z., Jones, M. D., James, D. S., Leadbetter, S. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2001. The potential and limitations of utilising head impact injury models to assess the likelihood of significant head injury in infants after a fall. Forensic Science International 123(2-3), pp. 89-106. (10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00523-0)
O'Callaghan, P. T., Jones, M. D., Holt, C. A., Leadbeatter, S., Dent, C. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2001. A novel approach to forensic investigation: Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic motion analysis. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 8(2), pp. 49-53. (10.1054/jcfm.2001.0487)
O'Callaghan, P. T., Jones, M. D., James, D. S., Leadbetter, S., Evans, S. L. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2001. A biomechanical reconstruction of a wound caused by a glass shard - case report. Forensic Science International 117(3), pp. 221-231. (10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00399-6)
Cory, C. Z., Jones, M. D., James, D. S. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2001. The potential innovations of utilising head impact injury models to assess the likelihood of significant head injury in infants after a fall. Journal of Forensic Science 117, pp. 1-18.
Eni-Olotu, D. O., Nokes, L. D. M., Rassoulian, H. and Goddard, J. R. 2001. The use of hand held cement sample as a guide to the setting of In Situ cement mantle. Journal of Arthroplasty 16(3), pp. 376-378. (10.1054/arth.2001.20249)
Goodfellow, J., Gibbon, W. W. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2001. The Achilles heel of exercise [Letter]. Lancet 355(9218), pp. 1910. (10.1016/S0140-6736(05)73356-0)

2000

Wheeler, L. K., Maylia, E., Jones, M. D., Holt, C. A., Evans, S. L. and Nokes, L. D. M. 2000. Subjective assessment of blunt impacts. Medicine, Science and the Law 40(3), pp. 263-269.
Nokes, L. D. M., Evans, W., Knight, B. and Dent, C. 2000. Observation on the recent examination of bones from St Davids cathedral. Medicine, Science and the Law 40(1), pp. 66-70.

1999

O'Callaghan, P. T., Jones, M. D., James, D. S., Leadbetter, S., Holt, C. A. and Nokes, L. D. M. 1999. Dynamics of stab wounds: force required for penetration of various cadaveric human tissue. Forensic Science International 104(2-3), pp. 173-178. (10.1016/S0379-0738(99)00115-2)

Research theme: Health, Technology and the Digital World

Contracts

Title	People	Sponsor	Value	Duration
Novel antennas for implantable medical devices	Dr A Porch, Mr S Watts, Prof LDM Nokes	Zarlink Semiconductor Ltd	20700	08/03/2004 - 08/03/2007
The Anatomical Effects of Rotation on the Cervical and Lumbar Soine: An MRI Study	Yang X, Nokes L	Welsh Arthritis Research Network	5000	02/01/2014 - 01/07/2014
Summarise the existing literature on blunt trauma	Jones MD, Nokes LDM	Defence Science and Technology Laboratory	20000	01/10/2003 - 01/10/2004
Summarise the existing literature on blunt trauma ext to RCNG530	Jones MD, Nokes LDM	Defence Science and Technology Laboratory	10000	01/10/2003 - 01/10/2004
Assessment Centre to Support the Evaluation Pathways for Medical Technologies	Nokes L	NICE via Cardiff & Vale University Local Health Board	514439	01/04/2011 - 31/03/2017
Assessment Centre to support the evaluation pathways for medical technologies	Nokes L	NICE via Cardiff & Vale University Local Health Board	33050	01/04/2011 - 31/03/2017
Assessment centre to support the evaluation pathways for medical technologies	Nokes L	NICE via Cardiff and Vale University Local Health Board	428558	01/04/2011 - 31/03/2014
Research into sports biomechanics and orthopaedic engineering	Nokes LDM	University of Wales College of Medicine	66000	01/09/2003 - 01/09/2006
Engineering for life	Nokes LDM	Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council	257457	01/02/2006 - 31/01/2009
Human body area networks using wireless medical devices	Nokes LDM, Porch A	Zarlink Semiconductor Ltd	5000	27/04/2004 - 26/04/2009
Human motion analysis of new knee	Dr LDM Nokes, Dr CA Holt	DePuy UK	15000	01/01/2001 - 01/01/2004

Supervised Students

Title	Student	Status	Degree
Biomechanical Study of Kager's Fat Pad	GHAZZAWI Ahmad	Graduate	PhD
Materials and Antennas for Implantable Medical Telemetry Devices	IZZIDIEN Ahmed Asal	Graduate	PhD
Timing Accuracy in the Development of a Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography System	COURTENAY Andrew James	Graduate	PhD
Verification of Stereotactic Radiotherapy	MILLIN Anthony Elwyn	Graduate	PhD
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICACY OF EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE THERAPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ACHILLES TENDINOPATHY. SPECIALISATION - MEDICAL PHYSICS.	AL OMAIRI Baida Ajeal Badir	Current	PhD
A study into venous thromboembolism in Orthopaedic outpatients treated with lower limb immobilisation.	HICKEY Benjamin Alexander	Current	MD
Image Texture Analysis Of Transvaginal Ultrasound In Monitoring Ovarian Cancer	ABHAMID Bidi	Graduate	PhD
A Biomechanical Assessment of the Duhaime Shaken Baby Syndrome Model	CORY Corrina Zoey	Graduate	PhD
Measurement of caesium-137 in the human body using a whole body counter	ELESSAWI Elkhadra	Graduate	PhD
Measurement of caesium-137 in the human body using a whole body counter	ELESSAWI Elkhadra	Graduate	PhD
The Use of Doppler Ultrasound as a Means of Assessing Fracture Healing and Bone Plate Fixation Loosening (In-Vitro)	MAYLIA Eric	Graduate	PhD
Comparison of Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Tissue Characterisation in the Gastrocnemius Muscle	AL GOHANI Fahad Ageel Soliman	Thesis Submitted	PhD
DATA FUSION OF RELATIVE MOVEMENT IN FAST REPETITIVE- ACTION SPORTS USING BODY WIRELESS AREA NETWORKS.	ARMSTRONG Helen Sian	Graduate	PhD
AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT DEFICIENCY	LIPSCOMB Ian Philip	Graduate	PhD
The Development of a Novel Method for the Classification of Osteoarthritic and Normal Knee Function	JONES Lianne	Graduate	PhD
Quantative Ultrasound Image Analysis of the Gastrocnemius Muscle for Injury Evaluation (A Pilot Study).	ALQAHTANI Mahdi	Graduate	PhD
A robust technique in cancer detection	ESTEPHAN May Fadheel	Current	PhD
THE BIOMECHANICS OF STAB WOUNDS	O'CALLAGHAN Paul Thomas	Graduate	PhD
The Role Of Actovegin In Muscle Injuries	LEE Paul Yuh Feng	Graduate	PhD
Biomechanical Analysis of the Achilles Tendon Enthesis Organ	THEOBALD Peter	Graduate	PhD
TO INVESTIGATE THE USE OF BOTH TEXTURE ANALYSIS AND ASQ IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF OVARIAN CANCER	AL DAHLAWI Rana Hussein	Current	PhD
3D Doppler ultrasonography in the assessment of the arterial and venous circulation	ALI Rania	Current	PhD
A NOVEL TECHNIQUE IN DETECTING CANCERS IN 3D IMAGING.	AL QAZZAZ Salma	Current	PhD
Measurement of Radionuclides in the Environment	AL MUSAWI Thaer Laftah Muhsen	Current	PhD
RF energy harvesting with wireless data interrogation for human implantable devices	WANG Wenji	Current	PhD
The Quantification of Achilles Tendon Neovascularity	YANG Xin	Graduate	PhD
OPTIMISING THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS IN FUNCTIONAL PET BRAIN IMAGING.	ALZAMIL Yasser Zamil Abdullah	Current	PhD