Humans switch between apps in ‘remarkably similar’ ways, scientists find

Humans are unknowingly adhering to a universal pattern when they flick between apps on their smartphones, scientists have discovered.

Experts from Cardiff University have shown that although we spend a varying amount of time glued to our screens, the way in which we specifically switch between our different apps is remarkably similar.

In a new study published today in the journal Royal Society Open Science the team has shown that our smartphone usage is governed by a ‘power law’ in which our second most popular smartphone app is around 73% as popular as the first, and the third being around 73% as popular as the second, and so on. As the apps become less popular, the percentage similarity between their popularity gradually increases.

The research shows that as soon as we unlock our phones, we are likely to enter into a unique pattern of events in which we access a ‘hub’ of our most popular apps and occasionally switch back and forth between a much larger group of similarly unpopular apps.

The team of scientists, which also included experts in psychology, believe that this pattern is governed by the cognitive limitations of the human brain and the inability to remember all of the apps that are on our phones.

Co-author of the study Professor Roger Whitaker, from Cardiff University’s School of Computer Science and Informatics, said: “We believe that the pressures of time and memory influence the results that we are seeing – we may remember and use a few popular apps, such as those that get embedded in habits, and then there is a long tail of less popular apps that we dip in and out of.

Lead author of the study, Dr Liam Turner, from Cardiff University’s School of Computer Science and Informatics, said: “It is fascinating that despite variety in our smartphone usage, our behaviour is similarly structured and driven by a handful of favourite apps, within which we have a clear ranking.”

To arrive at their findings, the team monitored the app switches of 53 volunteers over a 6-week period through a bespoke app called “Tymer”. Across the entire period, the volunteers made a total of 192,000 app switches on their smartphones.

On average, each of the participants had around 60 individual apps on their smartphones and made an average of 87 app switches a day.

WhatsApp was shown to be a user’s most popular app, with 34 per cent of users having this as their top app, followed by Facebook with 21 per cent of users having this as second most popular app.

Following on from this study, the team are now looking at how app-switching can be related to addiction and mood.

The study also included scientists from Maastricht University and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.