Yr Athro Rachel North

Professor

Yr Ysgol Optometreg a Gwyddorau'r Golwg

: north@cardiff.ac.uk
: +44 (0)29 2087 5114
Fax:: +44 (0)29 2087 4859
: Optometreg a Gwyddorau'r Golwg , Heol Maendy, Cathays, Caerdydd, CF24 4HQ

My research interests include:

Diabetes and its ocular complications
Glaucoma
Vision and falls in the elderly
Retinal function in cystic fibrosis

My primary areas of research involve two of the major causes of blindness, diabetes mellitus and glaucoma. The early detection of both conditions is important for their management and improved prognosis, and we have been investigating the structural and functional changes using digital imaging, electrophysiological and psychophysical techniques.

1983	PhD Ophthalmic Optics, University of Wales, Cardiff
1977	Fellow of College of Optometrists
1976	MSc Occupational Safety & Hygiene, University of Aston in Birmingham
1975	BSc Hons Ophthalmic Optics, First Class, University of Aston in Birmingham

Anrhydeddau a Dyfarniadau

Honorary Life Member of Vision Aid Overseas
Life Fellow of College of Optometrists

Safleoedd academaidd blaenorol

2006 - 2012	Deputy Head, School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University
2005 - present	Professor, School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University
2000 - 2005	Senior Lecturer, Dept of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University.
1983 - 2000	Lecturer, Dept of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University.

Ymrwymiadau siarad cyhoeddus

2012	NISCHR/ WSPCR Annual Conference – Falls and Balance Conference, Role of vision impairment in falls, Cardiff
2012	City University, Monitoring and treatment of diabetes mellitus and its effect on retinopathy
2012	City University, Diabetes – Review of Ocular complications of diabetes mellitus
2012	CET/CPD Boots, Up to date with Diabetes, Bristol
2011	Austrian Optical Society, Diabetic Retinopathy, Vienna
2011	Role of Vision Aid Overseas in the correction of refractive error, World Congress of Refractive Errors, Durban
2010	South African Optometric Association. Diabetes and its ocular complications, Durban
2010	The Welsh Centre of Pharmacy Professional Education. Glaucoma – therapeutic update
2010	Cumbria Local Optical Committee – Diabetes – sweet n' sour , Cumbria
2010	College of Optometrists Annual meeting Research Key note. Diabetes Update - York April
2009	North Ireland Optometric Education, Diabetic eye disease. Belfast
2009	The Welsh Centre of Pharmacy Professional Education. Glaucoma – therapeutic update, Swansea
2009	The Welsh Centre of Pharmacy Professional Education. Age related maculopathy -update, Swansea
2009	Diabetes Update Conference, New developments in Diabetic Eye care, Cardiff

Pwyllgorau ac adolygu

School Board
Board member of Wales Optometric Post Graduate
Education Centre (WOPEC)
Member of Research Committee
Associate Director of Wales School of Primary Care Research.

External committees

2006 – 2013	British Universities Colleges of Optometry Committee member
2011- 2012	College of Optometrists Trustee
2009 – 2011	College of Optometrist, Member of Research Committee
2011 - 2012	College of Optometrists, Chair of Education Committee
2007 – present	Optometry Wales Council member
2012- present	NISCHR Primary Care Research Incentive Scheme Advisory group member
2011- present	Diabetes Research Network Wales (DRNW) Research Development Group – Diabetic Retinopathy
2007- present	Wales Eye Health Week Strategy Committee member

Other

2007-2012

Trustee Vision Aid Overseas (VAO)

2024

Ryan, B. et al. 2024. Hospital to community in Wales: What is the value of optometrists playing a greater role in managing neovascular AMD and glaucoma in primary care?. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics (10.1111/opo.13397)
Rawlings, A. et al. 2024. The burden of acute eye conditions on different healthcare providers: a retrospective population-based study. British Journal of General Practice 74, pp. e264-e274. (10.3399/BJGP.2022.0616)

2023

Thomas, R. et al. 2023. IDF2022-0601 Trends in sight and severe sight impairment due to diabetic retinopathy in England Wales from 2010 to 2020. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 197, article number: 110541. (10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110541)

2022

MacFarlane, E., Carson-Stevens, A., North, R., Ryan, B. and Acton, J. 2022. A mixed-methods characterisation of patient safety incidents by primary eye care practitioners. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 42(6), pp. 1304-1315. (10.1111/opo.13030)
Cottrell, P., North, R., Sheen, N. and Ryan, B. 2022. Optometry independent prescribing during COVID lockdown in Wales. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 42(6), pp. 1289-1303. (10.1111/opo.13028)
Karas, M., Bartlett, S., Whitaker, A., Sheen, N., North, R. and Ryan, B. 2022. An analysis of glaucoma repeat measures assessment results: Are core competencies enough?. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 42(6), pp. 1147-1158. (10.1111/opo.13032)
Bartlett, R. L. et al. 2022. Quantifying biomarkers of axonal degeneration in early glaucoma to find the disc at risk. Scientific Reports 12(1), article number: 9366. (10.1038/s41598-022-12036-4)

2020

Karas, M., Sheen, N. J. L., North, R. V., Ryan, B. and Bullock, A. 2020. Continuing professional development requirements for UK health professionals: a scoping review. BMJ Open 10(3), article number: e032781. (10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032781)

2019

North, R., Anderson, P., Harris, S., Kenkre, J., Wallace, S. and Wallace, C. 2019. Wet Age Related Macular Degeneration services in the community: A pathfinder evaluation - Final Report. Project Report. Cardiff: Cardiff University.

2017

Ravenscroft, D., Deng, J., Xie, X., Terry, L., Margrain, T. H., North, R. V. and Wood, A. 2017. AMD classification in choroidal OCT using hierarchical texton mining. Presented at: ACIVS 2017, Antwerp, Belgium, 18-21 Sep 2017 Presented at Blanc-Talon, J. et al. eds.Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems, Vol. 10617. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence Cham, Switzerland: Springer pp. 237-248., (10.1007/978-3-319-70353-4_21)
Thomas, R. L., Luzio, S. D., North, R. V., Banerjee, S., Zekite, A., Bunce, C. and Owens, D. R. 2017. Retrospective analysis of newly recorded certifications of visual impairment due to diabetic retinopathy in Wales during 2007-2015. BMJ Open 7(7), article number: e015024. (10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015024)

2016

Terry, L. et al. 2016. Automated Retinal Layer Segmentation Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography: Evaluation of Inter-Session Repeatability and Agreement between Devices. Plos One 11(9), article number: e0162001. (10.1371/journal.pone.0162001)
Deng, J., Xie, X., Terry, L., Wood, A., White, N., Margrain, T. H. and North, R. V. 2016. Age-related macular degeneration detection and stage classification using choroidal OCT images. Presented at: ICIAR 2016, Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, 13-15 Jul 2016 Presented at Campilho, A. and Karray, F. eds.Image Analysis and Recognition: ICIAR 2016, Vol. 9730. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Cham, Switzerland: Springer Verlag pp. 707-715., (10.1007/978-3-319-41501-7_79)
Ng, A. Y. S., Evans, K. S. E., North, R., Jones, L. and Purslow, C. 2016. Impact of eye cosmetics on the eye, adnexa, and ocular surface. Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice 42(4), pp. 211-220. (10.1097/ICL.0000000000000181)
Ng, W. S. et al. 2016. Automated registration of multimodal optic disc images: clinical assessment of alignment accuracy. Journal of Glaucoma 25(4), pp. 397-402. (10.1097/IJG.0000000000000252)
Roy Chowdhury, S. et al. 2016. Diabetic retinopathy in newly diagnosed subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: contribution of β-Cell function. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 101(2), pp. 572-580. (10.1210/jc.2015-2203)

2015

Ng, A. Y. S., Evans, K. S. E., North, R. and Purslow, C. 2015. Migration of cosmetic products into the tear film. Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice 41(5), pp. 304-309. (10.1097/ICL.0000000000000124)
Thomas, R. L. et al. 2015. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy within a national diabetic retinopathy screening service. British Journal of Ophthalmology 99, pp. 64-68. (10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304017)

2014

Anantrasirichai, N. et al. 2014. Adaptive-weighted bilateral filtering and other pre-processing techniques for optical coherence tomography. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 38(6), pp. 526-539. (10.1016/j.compmedimag.2014.06.012)
Djiallis, C., North, R., Cooper, A., Kenkre, J., Richardson, S. and Van Deursen, R. W. M. 2014. Survey of vision screening services provided for stroke patients in Wales - a pilot study. Presented at: Welsh Stroke Conference 2014, Cardiff, 4-5 June 2014.

2013

North, R. V. et al. 2013. Lamina cribrosa pore analysis in glaucomatous human optic nerve heads in vivo. Presented at: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Seattle, WA, USA, 5-9 May 2013.

2012

Ng, A. Y. S., Evans, K. S. E., North, R. V. and Purslow, C. 2012. Eye cosmetic usage and associated ocular comfort. Ophthalmic And Physiological Optics 32(6), pp. 501-507. (10.1111/j.1475-1313.2012.00944.x)
Mortlock, K. E. et al. 2012. Three dimensional (3D) segmentation of normal and glaucomatous optic nerve heads in 1050nm optical coherence tomography (OCT) datasets. Presented at: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, FL., USA, 6-9 May 2012.
Morgan, J. E., Bourtsoukli, I., Rajkumar, K. N., Ansari, E., Cunliffe, I. A., North, R. V. and Wild, J. M. 2012. The accuracy of the inferior>superior>nasal>temporal neuroretinal rim area rule for diagnosing glaucomatous optic disc damage. Ophthalmology 119(4), pp. 723-730. (10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.10.004)
Thomas, R. L. et al. 2012. Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Service for Wales: retrospective analysis. BMJ 344, article number: e874. (10.1136/bmj.e874)
Thomas, R. L. et al. 2012. Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Service for Wales: retrospective analysis. BMJ 344(feb22), article number: e874. (10.1136/bmj.e874)

2011

Esmaeelpour Hajyar, M. et al. 2011. Mapping choroidal and retinal thickness variation in Type 2 diabetes using three-dimensional 1060-nm optical coherence tomography. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 52(8), pp. 5311-5316. (10.1167/iovs.10-6875)
Mukhopadhyay, D. R., North, R. V. and Hamilton-Maxwell, K. 2011. Effect of a proparacaine 0.50%-sodium fluorescein 0.25% mix and contact ultrasound pachymetry on central and midperipheral corneal thickness measured by noncontact optical pachymetry. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 37(5), pp. 907-913. (10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.11.033)
Binns, A., Mortlock, K. E. and North, R. V. 2011. The relationship between stimulus intensity and response amplitude for the photopic negative response of the flash electroretinogram. Documenta Ophthalmologica 122(1), pp. 39-52. (10.1007/s10633-010-9257-7)

2010

Mortlock, K. E., Binns, A., Aldebasi, Y. H. and North, R. V. 2010. Inter-subject, inter-ocular and inter-session repeatability of the photopic negative response of the electroretinogram recorded using DTL and skin electrodes. Documenta Ophthalmologica 121(2), pp. 123-134. (10.1007/s10633-010-9239-9)
Esmaeelpour Hajyar, M. et al. 2010. Three-Dimensional 1060-nm OCT: Choroidal thickness maps in normal subjects and improved posterior segment visualization in cataract patients. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 51(10), pp. 5260-5266. (10.1167/iovs.10-5196)
Mortlock, K. E. et al. 2010. 1050nm optical coherence tomography of the ageing and glaucomatous optic nerve head. Presented at: EUROMECH Colloquim, Imperial College, London, UK, 26-28 July, 2010.
North, R. V., Jones, A. L., Drasdo, N., Wild, J. M. and Morgan, J. E. 2010. Electrophysiological evidence of early functional damage in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 51(2), pp. 1216-1222. (10.1167/iovs.09-3409)
Gutstein, W., Sinclair, S. H., North, R. V. and Bekiroglu, N. 2010. Screening athletes with Down syndrome for ocular disease. Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association 81(2), pp. 94-99. (10.1016/j.optm.2009.09.017)

2009

Evans, K. S. E., North, R. V. and Purslow, C. 2009. Tear ferning in contact lens wearers. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 29(2), pp. 199-204. (10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00626.x)

2008

Drasdo, N., Mortlock, K. E. and North, R. V. 2008. Ganglion Cell Loss and Dysfunction: Relationship to Perimetric Sensitivity. Optometry and Vision Science 85(11), pp. 1036-1042. (10.1097/OPX.0b013e31818b94af)

2005

Mortlock, K. E., Chiti, Z., Drasdo, N., Owens, D. R. and North, R. V. 2005. Silent substitution S-cone electroretinogram in subjects with diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmic and physiological optics 25(5), pp. 392-399. (10.1111/j.1475-1313.2005.00299.x)
Morgan, J. E., Sheen, N. J. L., North, R. V., Choong, Y. F. and Ansari, E. 2005. Digital imaging of the optic nerve head: monoscopic and stereoscopic analysis. British Journal of Ophthalmology 89(7), pp. 879-884. (10.1136/bjo.2004.046169)

2004

Sheen, N. J. L., Morgan, J. E., Poulsen, J. L. and North, R. V. 2004. Digital stereoscopic analysis of the optic disc - Evaluation of a teaching program. Ophthalmology 111(10), pp. 1873-1879. (10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.04.018)
Arlotte, D. V., Perrott, R. L., Drasdo, N., Owens, D. R. and North, R. V. 2004. The effect of post prandial glucose changes on oscillatory potentials in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Documenta ophthalmologica 109(1), pp. 35-42. (10.1007/s10633-004-1302-y)

2003

North, R. 2003. Eye protection and ocular hazards: standards and requirements. Optometry Today 43, pp. 24-30.
Chiti, Z., North, R. V., Mortlock, K. E. and Drasdo, N. 2003. The S-cone electroretinogram: a comparison of techniques, normative data and age-related variation. Ophthalmic And Physiological Optics 23(4), pp. 370-376. (10.1046/j.1475-1313.2003.00129.x)
Mortlock, K. E., Chiti, Z., North, R. V., Drasdo, N. and Owens, D. R. 2003. Dr L/M and S-Cone ERGs in subjects with no or early diabetic retinopathy. Presented at: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, FL., US, 4-8 May 2003.
Choong, Y. F., Rakebrandt, F., North, R. V. and Morgan, J. E. 2003. Acutance, an objective measure of retinal nerve fibre image clarity. British Journal of Ophthalmology 87(3), pp. 322-326. (10.1136/bjo.87.3.322)
Rakebrandt, F., North, R. V., Erichsen, J. T., Drasdo, N., Fowler, C., Cowey, A. and Morgan, J. E. 2003. The construction of a model eye for investigation of laser-tissue interactions in scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Optometry & Vision Science 80(3), pp. 252-258. (10.1097/00006324-200303000-00015)
Arlotte, D. V., North, R. V., Drasdo, N. and Owens, D. R. 2003. A modified technique used to assess oscillatory potentials in patients with diabetes mellitus [Abstract]. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 44(E-Abst)

2002

Drasdo, N., Aldebasi, Y. H. F., Mortlock, K. E., Chiti, Z., Morgan, J. E., North, R. V. and Wild, J. M. 2002. Ocular optics, electroretinography and primary open angle glaucoma. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 22(5), pp. 455-462. (10.1046/j.1475-1313.2002.00078.x)
Drasdo, N., Chiti, Z., Owens, D. R. and North, R. V. 2002. Effect of darkness on inner retinal hypoxia in diabetes. The lancet 359(9325), pp. 2251-2253. (10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09265-6)
Drasdo, N., Chiti, Z., North, R. V. and Owens, D. R. 2002. Effect of darkness on inner retinal hypoxia in diabetes. The lancet 359(9325), pp. 2251-2253. (10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09265-6)

2001

Perrott, R. L., North, R. V., Drasdo, N., Ahmed, K. A. and Owens, D. R. 2001. The influence of plasma glucose upon pulsatile ocular blood flow in subjects with Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 44(6), pp. 700-705. (10.1007/s001250051678)
Sheen, N. J. L., Aldridge, C. E., Drasdo, N., North, R. V. and Morgan, J. E. 2001. The effects of astigmatism and working distance on optic nerve head images using a Heidelberg retina tomograph scanning laser ophthalmoscope. American Journal of Ophthalmology 131(6), pp. 716-721. (10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00898-9)
Jones, A. L., Sheen, N. J. L., North, R. V. and Morgan, J. E. 2001. The Humphrey optical coherence tomography scanner: quantitative analysis and reproducibility study of the normal human retinal nerve fibre layer. British Journal of Ophthalmology 85(6), pp. 673-677. (10.1136/bjo.85.6.673)
Drasdo, N., Aldebasi, Y. H. F., Chiti, Z., Mortlock, K. E., Morgan, J. E. and North, R. V. 2001. The S-cone PhNR and pattern ERG in primary open angle glaucoma. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 42(6), pp. 1266-1272.
Goyal, R., Rakebrandt, F., Turner, J., North, R. V. and Morgan, J. E. 2001. Measurement of axial length using laser interferometry in a model eye. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 42(4), pp. S55-S55.

1997

North, R. V., Farrell, U., Banford, D., Jones, C., Gregory, J. W., Butler, G. and Owens, D. R. 1997. Visual function in young IDDM patients over 8 years of age. A 4-year longitudinal study. Diabetes Care 20(11), pp. 1724-1730. (10.2337/diacare.20.11.1724)

Contributions to teaching include:

BSc programme: Module leader for Abnormal Ocular Conditions (OP3104), Occupational Vision module (OP3205) and also supervision in the Final year Binocular Vision Clinics
WOPEC Postgraduate Course: Module leader for Eyecare in Diabetes OPT22 and contributing lectures on Anterior ocular complications in diabetes mellitus and Visual functions in diabetes mellitus
Masters - research project supervision

The diabetes studies have been investigating the risk factors for the development of diabetic retinopathy in children and adults with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. We have found that patients with diabetes have functional changes prior to visible diabetic retinopathy and have investigated whether this functional loss detected in the early stages of eye disease is reversible. We found that oxygen inhalation has partially reversed functional loss in patients without diabetic retinopathy and we are currently studying patients with cystic fibrosis with and without diabetes.

The ability to detect structural changes to the retina have been evaluated using digital imaging techniques including scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, retinal thickness analyser, and stereoscopic fundus photography. We have also examined the choroidal structure using the 1050nm optical coherence tomography and found that the choroidal thickness is increased in diabetic patients. We found that the central choroid is thinner in all type 2 diabetic eyes regardless of disease stage, ie with or without clinically significant diabetic macular oedema.

The early detection of glaucoma has been studied by electrophysiological assessment of ganglion cell function, ocular blood flow and digital imaging of the optic nerve head. We have shown that electrophysiological measures are not only depressed prior to visual field loss in patients with glaucoma, but also in patients with ocular hypertension. This indicates that there may be dysfunction despite a normal structural appearance to the optic nerve head.

Methods for improving the clinical detection of glaucomatous optic neuropathy and its progression are being studied by using stereoscopic optic nerve head images.

In addition, we are using 1050nm optical coherence tomography (OCT) to create 3D volumetric datasets of the normal and glaucomatous optic nerve head in vivo in order to characterise optic nerve head parameters that have the potential to stage and/or predict glaucomatous optic neuropathy. In particular we are investigating the lamina cribrosa, in optic nerve heads at risk. We are also examining the relationship between the changes that take place in the optic nerve head comparison to those in the retina and choroid.

Funding

Funding has been awarded from: British Council for Prevention of Blindness, College of Optometrists, Diabetes UK, Welsh office for Research & Development, NERC, The Wellcome Trust, Raynauds & Scleroderma Association and The BUPA Foundation, Pfizer, Welsh Energy Research, Action Medical Research, Fight For Sight, UK & Eire Glaucoma Society & American Health Assistance Foundation.

RV North, J Kenkre, Alison Cooper, R Van Deursen, Survey of vision screening services provided for stroke patients in Wales, NISCHR/Wales School of Primary Care Research 2012, £8,375
Albon J, North RV, Morgan JE. The use of 1050nm OCT to identify changes of optic nerve head pathophysiology in glaucoma, College of Optometrists, 2011-2014. £52,688,
Albon J, North RV, Morgan JE, Disks at Risk. American Health Assistance Foundation, 2011-13. $100,000
Albon J, North RV, Drexler W, Morgan JE, , Optic nerve head changes in the progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy using 1m OCT, Hirsch and Fight for Sight Award, 2010-11. £15,000
North RV, Albon J, Drexler W, Three dimensional imaging of the ageing and glaucomatous optic nerve head: risk factors for the development of open-angle glaucoma. UK&Eire Glaucoma Society and International Glaucoma Association, 2008-09. £20,000.

Research collaborators

Dr Julie Albon, Cardiff University
Professor James Morgan, Cardiff University
Dr Barbara Ryan, Cardiff University
Professor David Owens, Swansea University
Prof Joyce Kenkre, Glamorgan University
Dr Allison Cooper, OPAN, Swansea University
Thierry Zeyen, Leuven University, Belgium
Professor Wolfgang Drexler, University of Vienna, Austria

Currently have collaborations with School of Computer Science, School of Medicine, Dept of Primary Care and Public Health, Llandough Hospital, Dept of Physiotherapy, School of Healthcare Studies.

Current Postgraduate Students

2015 PhD	Beth Flynn, The use of 1050nm OCT to identify changes of optic nerve head pathophysiology in glaucoma, College of Optometrists, 2011-2014.
2015 PhD	Areej Okashah, Portable Electronic Low Vision Aids for people with visual impairment.
2014 PhD	Rachel Hiscox, The retina in Cystic Fibrosis.
2014 PhD	Alison Ng, The effects of cosmetics on the ocular surface and tear film.
2014 PhD	Ditipriya Mukhopadhyay, The effect of peripheral corneal thickness on the accuracy of applanation tonometry.
2014 PhD	Rebecca Thomas, Optimal time to next screen for diabetic retinopathy in screen negative persons with diabetes.

Previous Postgraduate Students

2013 MPhil	Stephen John "Comparison of two different methods of stereoscopic viewing and the effect of teaching on the assessment of the cup to disc ratio for glaucoma detection"
2012 PhD	Walter Gutstein, "Measurement of Vision under conditions of contrast and luminance simulating those of real environments"
2012 PhD	Samuel Heinz Dremmel, "Diagnostic aspects of structure and function in primary open angle glaucoma"
2012 PhD	Mizhanim Mohamad Shahimin, "Development and validation of a digital quantitative orthoptics workstation".
2010 PhD	Saud Alanazi, "Investigation of the clinical factors affecting heterophoria & fixation disparity measurements".
2010 PhD	Mana Alanazi, "Studies of visual function and the effect of visual fatigue in adults with dyslexia"
2009 PhD	Katharine Evans, "Cystic Fibrosis and the eye".
2007 PhD	Jennifer Cumiskey, "Electrophysiological studies of retinal function at low light levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus
2004 MPhil	Sarvenaz Malihi , "Investigation of retinal function in diabetes mellitus"
2004 PhD	Dominique Arlotte, "Investigation of Oscillatory Potentials in patients with diabetes mellitus".
2004 PhD	Adrian Jones, "Investigation of primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension by electrophysiological and digital imaging techniques".
2003 PhD	Nik Sheen, " Evaluation of digital retinal imaging in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma".
2002 PhD	Rhianon Perrott , "The significance of pulsatile ocular blood flow in the management of diabetic retinopathy".
2001 PhD	Zohreh Chiti, "Electrophysiological investigation into the effect of oxygen inhalation on retinal function in Type II Diabetes Mellitus".
2001 PhD	Katie Mortlock (Jenkins), "Neurophysiological examination of retinal function in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus".
1999 PhD	Zeki Ali, "The influence of the management of diabetes mellitus and its management upon visual functions"
1997 MPhil	Una Whitcombe, "Clinical evaluation of ocular and visual functions of young patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus"
1995 MPhil	Denise Banford, "Longitudinal study of visual functions in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
1988 MPhil	Beth Kelly "Atropine occlusion in the treatment of strabismic amblyopia"